In the last decade, due to their remarkable properties, researchers have investigated metal halide perovskite solar cells (MHPSCs) in photovoltaic technologies. This review article provides insights on the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), explicitly DSSCs, emphasizing perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This demand leads to more intense research on renewable energy sources via solar cells, wind energy and piezo electric materials. Recent studies show that the increased demand for energy in industries influences the research interest in environmental and energy issues. Additionally, in combination with the ruthenium complex N719, their efficiency as co-sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was assessed, showing good activity. Compounds 1 and 2 show interesting optical/electrochemical properties, which were studied experimentally in solution by UV–Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, as well as theoretically using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT). The crystal structures are stabilized by O−H∙∙∙O, C−H∙∙∙O, C−H∙∙∙π and π∙∙∙π interactions that were analyzed by inspection of the Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots. Single-crystals for 1 and 2 enabled X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing distorted tetrahedral geometries for Cu(I) centers embedded in NOP2 environments. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1H/31P RMN and UV–VIS), cyclic voltammetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. H2O (1) and ♼H2Cl2 (2), where HL = monoanion of pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine and POP = bis ether), are documented.The primary energy intensity incorporates both engineering energy efficiency and structural changes in the economy governing the material content of economic growth. Per capita global mean GDP continues its monotonic rise at 1.6% yr-1 over the entire twenty-first century. Global population, N, shown after 1990 is the UN mid-range projection made at the time the IS92 scenarios were developed. a, Global population b, Per capita GDP c, primary energy intensity (/GDP: left hand scale) and economic productivity of energy (GDP/: right hand scale) d, carbon intensity of the energy mix the horizontal lines are emission factors of individual carbonaceous fuels. GDP is inflation-corrected to 1990 US dollars. Transition suggests the need for massive investments in innovativeĮvolution of factors governing the rate of global fossil-fuel carbon emissions in the Kaya identity: M&dot c ≡ N(GDP/N)(/GDP)(C/E).Historical curves (1890–1990) are from archival data7, 8, 9 future projections (1990–2100) are computed for the IPCC IS92a scenario2,10, 11, 12. The magnitude of the implied infrastructure range, implementing stabilization willīecome even more challenging because of the increasing demand forĬarbon-emission-free power. At progressively lower atmospheric CO2-stabilization With sustained improvement in the economic productivity of primaryĮnergy. Innovative, cost-effective and carbon-emission-free technologies thatĬan provide additional tens of terawatts of primary power in the comingĭecades, and certainly by the middle of the twenty-first century, even We find thatĬO2 stabilization with continued economic growth will require Model to estimate the carbon-emission-free power needed for variousĪtmospheric CO2 stabilization scenarios. Produced by the year 2050, equivalent to the power provided by all × 1012watts) of carbon-emission-free power being Policy intervention to limit greenhouse-gas emissions has 10TW (10 A standard baseline scenario, that assumes no Level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with theĬlimate system.''. ``stabilization of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for
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